Waraaqaha birta ah ee dahaarka leh ee midabka birta ah (sida PCM/VCM go'yaal hore loo dahaadhay, buraashka buluuga ah ee PPM, iwm.) ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalay daasadaha iyo darfaha qalabka guriga sida talaajadaha, mashiinka dharka lagu dhaqo, iyo qaboojiyaha. Waxay isku daraan rafcaan sare oo qurux badan, iska caabin xoog leh oo daxalka ah, iyo sifooyin habaysan oo sahlan, iyaga oo ka dhigaya alaab muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay qalabka guriga ee ugu sarreeya si loo gaaro waxqabadka wanaagsan iyo muuqaalka labadaba. Waraaqaha birta ah ee dahaarka leh ma aha hal badeeco, laakiin waa erey guud oo ka kooban dariiqyo farsamo oo kala duwan sida xaashida PCM hore loo dahaadhay, xaashida VCM ee dahaarka leh, iyo xaashida nano-dahaarka leh. Mabda'ooda aasaasiga ah waa in lagu dabaqo midabka, texture, iyo dahaarka shaqeynta dusha sare ee substrate-ka birta ah (birta galvanized, birta aluminium, iwm.) iyada oo loo marayo habab ay ka mid yihiin daahan duuban, lamination, ama nano-buufinta. Iyada oo ay sii kordhayso baahida macaamiisha ee muuqaalka shakhsi ahaaneed iyo agabka guriga ee tayada sare leh, agabkani waxa ay si degdeg ah u bedelayaan xaashida birta ah ee rinji dhaqameedka ah ama qaawan. Qaboojiyaha: Inta badan isticmaal PCM go'yaal hore loo dahaadhay (Rinji duuban) iyo VCM go'yaal la dahaadhay (PVC/PET film composite) oo loogu talagalay albaabbada albaabbada iyo darfaha dhinacyada; Faa'iidooyinka waxaa ka mid ah midabyo qani ah, caabbinta wasakhda, nadiifinta fudud, iyo saamaynta biomimetic ee la beddeli karo sida hadhuudhka alwaax/ qaababka dhagaxa. Mashiinada dharka: Moodooyinka dhamaadka-sare waxay u muuqdaan inay isticmaalaan go'yaal nano-dahaar leh oo cusub sida PPM buraashka buluuga ah.